Residency
You are a Thai tax resident in any calendar year in which you spend 180 days or more in Thailand, counted in aggregate (visits do not need to be consecutive) [1]. Thailand uses a pure day-count test; there is no "centre of vital interests" carve-out in domestic law, although treaties may shift residence for treaty purposes only [2].
Income tax brackets, 2025 tax year
Progressive rates apply to net assessable income in baht [1,2]:
- 0 to 150,000 THB: exempt
- 150,001 to 300,000: 5 percent
- 300,001 to 500,000: 10 percent
- 500,001 to 750,000: 15 percent
- 750,001 to 1,000,000: 20 percent
- 1,000,001 to 2,000,000: 25 percent
- 2,000,001 to 5,000,000: 30 percent
- Above 5,000,000: 35 percent
As a rough guide, 1,000,000 THB is around 25,500 EUR at recent rates. Personal allowances (60,000 THB for the taxpayer, 60,000 for a spouse with no income, parental support, health insurance, life insurance and so on) reduce the assessable base before the brackets apply.
Foreign-source income, the rule that changed in 2024
Until end-2023, Thailand only taxed foreign income brought into the country in the same calendar year it was earned, so a pension or dividend banked offshore and remitted the following year escaped Thai tax. From 1 January 2024 the Revenue Department reinterpreted Section 41 of the Revenue Code: foreign-source income earned by a Thai tax resident on or after that date is taxable when remitted, no matter how many years pass between earning and remittance [3,2]. Funds earned and held offshore before 1 January 2024 remain outside the new rule when later remitted [3].
A further Revenue Department proposal in 2025 would exempt foreign income remitted within the same year it is earned or the year after, intended to apply from the 2026 tax year [3]. As of May 2026 it had been announced but not yet legislated, so the 2024 remittance rule still drives planning.
Thailand still does not tax foreign income that is never remitted. Non-residents (under 180 days) pay tax only on Thai-source income.
Pension income
Pensions paid for past employment are listed in the Revenue Code as category 1 employment income and are assessable [1]. For a foreign pension paid from abroad to a Thai-resident retiree the practical question is whether the money is remitted to Thailand in or after 2024; if so it enters the brackets above, subject to any treaty relief in the country of source. Several treaties (notably with the United Kingdom and Germany) reserve taxing rights over government-service pensions to the paying state, so Thailand typically does not tax them again. Private pensions and personal annuities are usually taxable in the state of residence under OECD-model wording, which means Thailand if you are resident there.
A separate route: the Long-Term Resident (LTR) visa's "Wealthy Pensioner" category grants a full exemption on foreign-source income remitted to Thailand. It is a visa-based concession, not a general retiree relief.
Capital gains
Thailand does not have a separate capital-gains tax. Thailand folds gains realised by an individual into the progressive PIT brackets, with two main exceptions: gains from listed shares sold through the Stock Exchange of Thailand are exempt, and gains on most government and corporate bonds for individuals are also exempt [2]. For a Thai-resident retiree this matters mainly for foreign-share disposals, which you pay tax on as ordinary income when the proceeds are remitted.
Inheritance and gift tax
The Inheritance Tax Act came into force on 1 February 2016. Tax is charged only on the slice of an estate inherited from one testator that exceeds 100 million THB (around 2.55 million EUR). The rate is 5 percent for ascendants and descendants and 10 percent for other heirs; spouses are exempt [4]. Gift tax operates as a parallel charge: gifts from ascendants, descendants or spouses up to 20 million THB per tax year are exempt, with 5 percent above that; gifts from other persons enjoy a 10 million THB annual exemption with 5 percent above [4].
Thailand has no net wealth tax [4].
Worldwide investment income
Investment income earned offshore (foreign dividends, interest, fund distributions, crypto gains, etc.) follows the same remittance rule as other foreign income: taxable in Thailand only once brought in, and only if earned on or after 1 January 2024 [3]. Thai-source dividends and bank interest normally incur final withholding at source (10 percent and 15 percent respectively) which discharges the resident's PIT on that income.
Treaty status with IE, GB, US, DE, FR
Thailand has comprehensive double-tax treaties with all five origin countries listed [5]:
- Ireland, in force 11 March 2015, applies from 1 January 2016 [6]
- United Kingdom, in force 20 November 1981, applies from 1 January 1981 [7]
- Germany, in force 4 December 1968, applies from 1 January 1967 [8]
- France, in force 29 August 1975, applies from 1 January 1975 [9]
- United States, in force 15 December 1997, applies from 1 January 1997 [10]
All five treaties broadly follow the OECD model and reserve government-service pensions to the paying state, give a foreign tax credit for double-taxed items, and lower withholding on dividends, interest and royalties. To claim treaty relief you usually need a residence certificate from the Thai Revenue Department.
Filing notes
The Thai tax year is the calendar year. Resident individuals file form PND.90 (income from multiple sources) or PND.91 (employment only) by 31 March of the following year (or 8 April for online filing) [1]. Forms are in Thai; an English version exists for guidance but the legal filing is Thai. You need a Thai tax identification number (TIN). Get it from the local Revenue Office by presenting a passport and proof of address. Spouses can file jointly or separately.
Not tax advice
This page is a relocator-level summary, not advice. Rules change, treaty articles are technical, and Revenue Department interpretation can shift between rulings. Engage a Thai-licensed tax adviser before you remit large sums or make residency decisions [2].